The 4th International Symposium on Trade in Bear Parts in Nagano, Japan, 4 October 2006
Contents table of proceedings of last three symposiums

　I. GLOBAL STATUS REPORTS

The Status of the Bears of the World with Emphasis on Asia

Status of Implementation of the CITES Bear Resolution

　II. COUNTRY REPORTS

Current Status and Management of the Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus in the Republic of Korea

Conservation and Trade of Sun Bears in Kalimantan

On the Resources and Conservation of Bears in China

　III. TRADE UPDATES

Enforcement Actions for Illegal Bear Trade by the Korean Customs Service

Regulation of Bear Trade in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Bear Gallbladder Trade in Japan

Trade in Bear and Bear Parts in Cambodia

Recent Trends in Black Bear Status, Harvest, Management, and Trade in the United States

Survey of Bear Trade in Europe

　IV. BEAR FARMING

The Development of Bear Farming in China

Bear Farming Across Asia ? An Animal Welfare Perspective

A Bitter Medicine: Use of Bear Bile in China

　V. NEW PERSPECTIVES

The Use of Bear Bile as Medicine Versus Tonic

Hunting Culture and the Value of a Bear in Hokkaido, Japan

What U.S. Zoos Are Doing About the Bear Trade

A Case for a Uniform Global ban on the Trade in Bear Parts and Derivatives

　VI. SUBSTITUTES

Herbal Alternatives to Bear Bile

New Developments in the Use of Synthesised Bear Bile in Medicine

　VII. ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION AND CLOSING REMARKS

Discussional Panel

Closing Remarks

 

　 I. AN UPDATE ON THE STATUS OF BEARS

The Global Status of Bears (Abstract)

Current Status and Conservation of Bears in China and Chinese Bear Farms

Bears at Jeopardy in Pakistan

Status of Black Bears in the Southeast

　II. KEYNOTE ADDRESS

Human Values of Nature, the Wildlife Trade, and Bears

　III. PERSPECTIVES AND COMPLEXITIES OF TRADE

An Update on the Bear Trade

From Forest to Pharmacy (Abstract)

Westward Expansion of the Bear Trade from Southeast and East Asia into the Asiatic and European Range of the Brown Bears (Abstract)

Japanese Attitudes on Bear Gallbladders and Wild Bears

The Economics of the Bear Trade

　IV. REGULATING THE LEGAL TRADE: MANAGEMENT AND MECHANISMS

Regulations of Bear Management in Nova Scotia, Canada

Can the Prohibition of legal Trade Actually Protect American Black Bears?

TCM Trader's Perspectives of Bear Trade Regulations

Chinese Bear Farms and the Use of Bear Bile in Traditional Chinese Medicine: An Animal Welfare Perspective

　V. STOPPING THE ILLEGAL TRADE: A VIEW FROM THE FIELD AND COURTROOM

Bear Harvest in Canada ? Legal and Illegal

Korean Customs Efforts to Stop Illegal Bear Trading: Legislation, Enforcement, Trends in Fraud, and Future Plans

An Overview of U.S. Federal Charging and Sentencing Issues in Bear Parts Trafficking Cases

Bear Trade and USFWS Investigations in California: 1994-97

　VI. WHAT FORENSICS ANALYSES TELL US ABOUT THE TRADE

Bears and Bugs: The Application of Forensic Entomology t owards Illegally Killed Wildlife

Determining Time of Death in a Poaching Case in Canada

Using Insect Evidence

Identification and Differentiation of Bear Bile Used in Medicinal Products in Taiwan

　VII. INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES OR NATIONAL SOLUTIONS?

Current CITES Aspects of Controlling Trade in Bear Parts: U.S. Perspectives

NGO Efforts to Raise Public Awareness on the Trade in Bear Parts

Reducing Demand: The Asian Conservation Awareness Program

　VIII. DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY

Discussion Panel

Summary of the Second International Symposium on the Trade in Bear Parts for Medicinal Use

　I. PLENARY SESSION

Asian Dedication to the Use of Bear Bile as Medicine

CITES Aspects of Controlling Trade in Bear Parts ? U.S. Perspectives

CITES Aspects of Controlling Trade in Bear Parts ? Canadian Perspectives

The Impacts of the Bear Trade on Global Bear Populations

Asian Perspectives on Therapeutic Value of Bear Bile and Alternatives

The Biliary and Fecal Bile Acids of Bears and Pandas

Ursodeoxycholic Acid is N ot only a Substitute for Bear Bile

　II. NORTH AMERICAN BLACK BEAR GALLBLADDERS IN TRADE: SIGNIIFICANCE AND TREND

Status, Management, and Commercialization of the American Black Bear, Part I

Status, Management, and Commercialization of the American Black Bear, Part II

A Cr itical Intelligence Review of the Bear Trade in the USA

Trade in Bear Parts: Lessons from Law Enforcement Investigations in California

Trade in Bear Parts: Lessons from Law Enforcement Investigations in British Columbia

　III. NORTH AMERICAN BLACK BEAR GALLBLADDERS IN TRADE: LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUES

Interagency Cooperation in Law Enforcement Investigations Involving Wildlife Violations

Law Enforcement and Trade in Bear Parts: Views from the Prosecution

The Use of Dogs for Detecting Bear Gallbladders

The UnBearable Facts About the (Vile) Bile Trade

Mitochondrial DNA Analysis and Wildlife Law Enforcement: Efforts to Stop International Commerce in Bear Products Can Benefit Greatly by the Valuable Resource of Zoo Breeding Programs

　IV. REGULATING COMMERCIALIZATION AND TRADE OF BLACK BEAR PARTS PERSPECTIVES FROM THE STATES AND PROVINCES

The Bear Parts Business in Maine

Saskatchewan Trade in Black Bear Parts

Regulating the Legal Sale of Bear Gallbladders and other Parts in New York

Control of Trade in Bear Parts in Hong Kong

　V. REGULATING COMMERCIALIZATION AND TRADE OF BEAR PARTS: INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS

Bear Farms and the Impact on Bear Populations

Conservation and Medicinal Use of Bears in China

China's Bear Farms and the Trade in Bear Parts

A Survey of Bear Gallbladders in the Taiwan Market

　VI. DISCUSSION GROUPS: RECOMMENDATIONS AND PRIORITIES FOR THE FUTURE

Discussion Group: Perspectives from the States, Provinces, and Territories on the Trade of Bear Parts

Discussion Group: Regulating Commercialization and Trade of Bear Parts: International Dimensions

Summary Comments on the International Symposium on Trade of Bear Parts for Medicinal Use

Current Prices for Bear Parts as Reported by Symposium Participants